“For every high priest is taken from among the people and appointed to represent them before God, to offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins. He is able to deal compassionately with those who are ignorant and erring, since he also is subject to weakness, and for this reason he is obligated to make sin offerings for himself as well as for the people. And no one assumes this honor on his own initiative, but only when called to it by God, as in fact Aaron was. So also Christ did not glorify himself in becoming high priest, but the one who glorified him was God, who said to him, “You are my Son! Today I have fathered you,” as also in another place God says, “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”” Hebrews 5:1-6 NET
Grasping the significance of the Jewish high priesthood in
the first century is crucial for fully understanding the compelling argument in
Hebrews 5:1–10 about the superiority of Jesus' high priesthood. The Mosaic Law
explicitly limited the old covenant priesthood to Aaron and his descendants,
establishing the Aaronic line as the divinely appointed priestly lineage
(Exodus 29:9). In this framework, while there were many priests, only one held
the esteemed title of high priest, tasked with the sacred duty of entering the
Holy Place of the tabernacle each year to present the atoning blood, covering
the sins of the entire nation of Israel (Leviticus 16). Aaron, as the first
high priest, set the benchmark for this revered office.
By the time of David and Solomon, the high priestly role had
transitioned to Zadok, a descendant of Aaron, who was divinely appointed during
the united monarchy (1 Chronicles 6:1–15; 29:22; Ezekiel 40:44–47). The author
of Hebrews emphasizes a crucial truth: a high priest must be called by God—“No
one takes this honor for himself” (Hebrews 5:4). This assertion uncovers a
significant irony; during the time of writing, many individuals had usurped
this sacred position.
After the Maccabean revolt in the 160s BC, Hasmonean rulers
and later Herodian client kings began appointing high priests outside the
rightful Zadokite line. From Herod the Great’s ascendance in 37 BC to the fall
of Jerusalem in AD 70, a staggering twenty-eight different men filled this
office. Many Hebrew people, aware of Jesus and His true calling, were tempted
to revert to these non-Zadokite high priests—leaders who lacked divine
endorsement—instead of following Him. However, history clearly shows that such
a choice would result in a priesthood stripped of God’s true authority, leading
them astray.
In stark contrast, Jesus represents a high priesthood that
is divinely ordained. Hebrews 5:5–6 emphasizes that Jesus became the faithful
High Priest through God's direct appointment, supporting this claim with two
pivotal messianic psalms: Psalm 2 and Psalm 110. As we explore these texts
further, we will uncover the profound implications of Jesus’ Melchizedekian
high priesthood, particularly as articulated in Psalm 110 (Hebrews 5:6).
Psalm 2 refers to the installation of David and his heirs,
who are recognized as God's sons upon ascending the throne (Psalms 2:7; Hebrews
5:5). However, this prophecy ultimately finds its fulfillment in Jesus, the only
begotten (unique) Son of God, who reigns as the sovereign King of kings.
Jesus is the rightful heir of the Davidic lineage through
Mary, affirming His claim to the throne. Yet, for the Jews of His time,
accepting Jesus as their Messiah proved challenging. Their belief, rooted in
the law of Moses and tradition, held that salvation was achieved through
service, self-improvement, and dutiful adherence to the law. However, Jesus
turned this notion on its head, declaring that salvation is rooted in God’s
unconditional love, requiring only believing loyalty. This radical simplicity
was difficult for many Jews to grasp; they felt there must be more that defined
their identity as God’s chosen people as compared to the Gentiles.
The disordered thinking of the Jews played a significant
role in this struggle. They wrestled with their identity as God’s people while
feeling compelled to separate from the Gentile nations. Divisions even existed
among the Jews themselves, such as with the Samaritans, who believed that true
worship occurred on Mount Gerizim rather than within the Jerusalem Temple. These
separations and different Samaritan social practices became significant issues
for the early Jews in Jerusalem.
Jesus sought to remedy this disordered thinking by
presenting a powerful yet elegant gospel: we are all part of God’s family—a
concept rooted in Eden. Just as in Eden, our focus should be on experiencing
the Father’s love and embracing our identity as His cherished children. The
Jews were not unique by virtue of their ethnic identity; rather, they were just the
first recipients of God’s promise following the Tower of Babel incident. His
intention was to use the Abrahamic lineage as a holy priesthood to share His
love and the message of restoring Eden with the world.
While this divine plan seemed straightforward, it became
convoluted when the Jews used their relationship with the law to isolate
themselves, fostering a sense of pride in their observance and leading them to
believe they were superior due to their perceived obedience. Yet, the law was
never intended as a means to access God; indeed, no human could achieve
perfection through it. Only a divine being could fulfill the law’s
requirements: That would be Jesus.
Jesus came to restore the “fallen tent” of the Davidic
priesthood and to draw God’s people back to the heavenly Father. The focus had
shifted away from the impossible task of following the law; instead, it was
about recognizing Jesus as the Messiah (King) who has fulfilled the law and
serves as our eternal high priest. This high priest and Messiah King was not
meant solely for the Jews, as they believed; He was intended for all people,
including the Gentiles. God was in the process of restoring the Gentile nations
and inviting them back into His favor, as vividly demonstrated in the second
chapter of Acts.
The relationship between Jesus and Melchizedek warrants
further exploration, but time and space prevent an exhaustive discussion. It is
essential to understand that Melchizedek symbolizes a King of righteousness,
embodying the virtues of eternal life—qualities indicative of a divine (or
celestial) being. We are called to deepen our understanding and relationship
with Jesus, who continually reveals profound truths about His nature and our
connection to Him.
This is what the ancient Jews overlooked regarding their
Messiah, Jesus called the Christ.
Stephen Barnett